Gold mining is the removal of gold from the ground. There are several techniques and processes by which gold may be extracted from the earth.
It is impossible to know the exact date that humans first began to mine gold, but some of the oldest known gold artifacts were found in the Varna Necropolis in Bulgaria. The graves of the necropolis were built between 4700 and 4200 BCE, indicating that gold mining could be at least 7000 years old.
Gold objects are plentiful in the Bronze age, especially in Ireland and Spain, and there are several well known possible sources. Read the rest of this entry »
Manganese is gray-white metal with a pink tint and a very brittle but hard metallic element. His order number 25 In 1774, while heating the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2, manganese dioxide) in a charcoal fire, was discovered by Swedish scientist Johann Gahn manganese. The heat and carbon in the charcoal separated oxygen from the manganese dioxide, so that a metallic manganese residue. This chemical reaction is called a reduction reaction.
Manganese is a reactive element that easily combines with ions in water and air. Manganese in the soil is found in a number of minerals of different chemical and physical properties, but is never found as free metal in nature. The most important mineral is pyrolusite, because it is the most important ore mineral for manganese. When manganese alloyed with other metals such as aluminum, copper and antimony, is the end product is magnetic. Read the rest of this entry »
Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents. The term zeolite was originally in 1756 by Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt that the rapid heating of the material stilbite on it large amounts of water vapor from the water that was observed characterized by the material adsorbed.
Zeolites are widely used in industry for the purification of water, as catalysts for the production of modern materials and nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. Their greatest use is in the manufacture of detergents. They are also used in medicine and agriculture. Read the rest of this entry »
The Minerals and Mining Law of 1986 (PNDCL 153) as published by the Minerals and Mining (Amendment) Act 1994 (Act 475) and the Minerals and Mining Bill of 2005 (Act No. 703) as amended, regulates mining in Ghana . Under the Minerals and Mining Law, mining companies must pay royalties, the company may also pay corporation tax at standard rates. The companies are used by customs duties on equipment, devices, machines and equipment for the mining industry, but local property taxes must be paid to their estate. The 1986 mining law was in attracting more than $ 5 billion in foreign investment involved in the Ghanaian mining industry 1986-2002. The 1994 amendments reduced the 45% general mining corporate tax rate to 35%, which is the same as that imposed on other industries. Read the rest of this entry »
Chromite is an iron-chromium oxide: FeCr2O4. It is an oxide mineral belonging to the spinel group. Magnesium can substitute for iron in variable amounts, as it is a solid solution with magnesiochromite (MgCr2O4) forms; substitution of aluminum occurs, leading to hercynite (FeAl2O4).
Chromite deposits
Chromite is found in peridotite from the mantle. It also occurs in layered ultramafic intrusive rocks. Furthermore, it is found in metamorphic rocks such as some serpentinites. Ore deposits of chromite form as early magmatic differentiates. It is generally associated with olivine, magnetite, serpentine, are connected, and corundum. The vast Bushveld igneous complex of South Africa is a large layered mafic to ultramafic igneous body with some layers consisting of 90% chromite making the rare rock type, chromitite. The Stillwater igneous complex in Montana also contains significant chromite. Read the rest of this entry »
iron ore
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red. The iron itself is usually found in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (Fe2O3), goethite (FeO(OH)), limonite (FeO(OH).n(H2O)) or siderite (FeCO3). Ores carrying very high quantities of hematite or magnetite (greater than ~60% iron) are known as “natural ore” or “direct shipping ore”, meaning they can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces. Most reserves of such ore have now been depleted. Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials to make steel. 98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel. Indeed, it has been argued that iron ore is “more integral to the global economy than any other commodity, except perhaps oil”.
Approximately 98% of iron ore is used in the manufacture of steel. Steel is used primarily in structural engineering applications, maritime purposes, automobiles and general industrial applications like machine.
Iron-rich rocks are common worldwide, but commercial mining of iron ore by a few countries, namely China, Australia, Brazil and India dominates with significant production in Russia, Ukraine and South Africa. The main limitation of the economy for iron ore is not necessarily the quality or size of the deposits, but the position of the iron ore in terms of market, the cost of rail infrastructure to bring it to market and require the cost of energy to do so as it is a high volume low margins. Read the rest of this entry »
To process the institution works to the ore to nuclear material, Iran is all set to share nuke technology with Africa, says chief Iranian nuclear program.
Fereidoun Abbasi says Iran has mastered the entire nuclear fuel cycle from mining uranium ore to the production of fuel for nuclear reactors and is willing to share the technology. Abbasi comment was reported by a news agency on Saturday. Read the rest of this entry »
Barite BaSO4
Barite Crystal Data:
Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. Commonly in well-formed crystals, to 85 cm, with over 70 forms noted. Thin to thick tabular {001}, {210}, {101}, {011}; also prismatic along [001], [100], or [010], equant. As crested to rosettelike aggregates of tabular individuals, concretionary, fibrous, nodular, stalactitic, may be banded; granular, earthy, massive.
Barite Physical Properties:
Cleavage: {001}, perfect; {210}, less perfect; {010}, imperfect.
Fracture: Uneven. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 3–3.5 D(meas.) = 4.50 D(calc.) = 4.47
May be thermoluminescent, may fluoresce and phosphoresce cream to spectral colors under UV. Read the rest of this entry »
